RS Bio Labs · Scientific Resource

Peptide
Knowledgebase

An open-access scientific reference covering the molecular biology, mechanisms of action, and published research findings of the most studied research peptides. All profiles are drawn from peer-reviewed literature and openly available academic sources.

Peptides Covered32Scientific Profiles

Research Citations100+Published Studies

Categories7Therapeutic Areas

Retatrutide Research Guides New

Retatrutide Guide

What Is Retatrutide?

A plain-English introduction to the LY3437943 triple GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon agonist — mechanism, trial data and research status.

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Comparison

Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide

Triple vs dual incretin agonist — receptor targets, half-life and head-to-head trial data.

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Mechanism

GLP-1 vs GIP vs Glucagon

The three incretin pathways explained — and why combining them in one molecule is the research frontier.

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Pharmacokinetics

Retatrutide Half-Life

Why the ~6-day half-life supports a once-weekly research schedule and how steady state is reached.

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Lab Technique

Reconstituting Retatrutide

Bacteriostatic-water mixing ratios, concentration maths and worked dilution examples.

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Handling

Storage Guide

Lyophilised vs reconstituted stability — temperatures, shelf life and best practice.

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Evidence

Research Summary

The TRIUMPH programme and the key published findings on Retatrutide at a glance.

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Background

History of Retatrutide

From Eli Lilly's tri-agonist programme to the Phase 3 TRIUMPH trials.

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Q&A

Retatrutide FAQs

Every common question about Retatrutide — mechanism, handling, buying and research use — answered.

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News & Research Latest

Retatrutide

Is Retatrutide FDA-Approved?

The direct 2026 answer — Retatrutide is investigational (Phase 3), not approved — and what that means for research use.

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Science

The GLP-1 FDA Landscape 2026

What's FDA-approved, what's investigational, and what's moving through the late-stage pipeline.

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Peptides

Beyond GLP-1: 2026 Peptides

The non-incretin research peptides drawing attention — BPC-157, MOTS-C, GHK-Cu, TB-500 and more.

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Retatrutide

Retatrutide UK: Researcher's Guide

Why Retatrutide is the most in-demand research peptide in the UK — the science, the strengths and sourcing.

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Retatrutide

What Makes Retatrutide Special

~24% weight reduction in Phase 2 — the triple-receptor mechanism behind the largest figure in the class.

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Science

The Triple-Agonist Revolution

How metabolic research went from single GLP-1 agonists to triple agonists — and why Retatrutide is the frontier.

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Tirzepatide

Buy Tirzepatide UK: Research Guide

The dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist behind Mounjaro and Zepbound — the research, the strengths and sourcing.

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Peptides

BPC-157: The Research Explained

The most-studied tissue-repair peptide in preclinical literature — what the research actually shows, and what it doesn't.

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Peptides

MOTS-C & Mitochondrial Peptides

The mitochondrial-derived peptide that activates AMPK — an introduction to one of the most intriguing areas of metabolic research.

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Science

The 2026 Peptide Landscape

A field guide to the compounds defining metabolic peptide research this year — from Semaglutide to the triple agonists.

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Reference

Peptide Research Glossary

97 plain-English definitions — GLP-1, GIP, incretin, agonist, lyophilised, half-life, HPLC and more, A to Z.

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All Articles

News & Research Index

Every RS Bio Labs article — comparisons, buyer's guides and research explainers — in one place.

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Tissue Repair & Recovery

Tissue Repair · GI Cytoprotection

BPC-157

Body Protection Compound-157

15-amino-acid fragment from human gastric juice. The most extensively studied tissue-repair peptide in preclinical literature — VEGFR2-driven angiogenesis, tendon/ligament repair, and gastrointestinal cytoprotection across 36+ publications.

Actin Regulation · Cell Migration

TB-500

Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment · Ac-LKKTETQ

Synthetic heptapeptide corresponding to the actin-binding domain of Thymosin Beta-4. Studied for wound healing, cell migration, angiogenesis and cardiac progenitor activation.

Copper Tripeptide · Skin Regeneration

GHK-Cu

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Copper

Naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex isolated from human plasma in 1973. Four decades of preclinical data on ECM gene expression, antioxidant enzyme pathways and fibroblast research.

α-MSH Tripeptide · Anti-Inflammatory

KPV

Lysine-Proline-Valine · α-MSH(11-13)

C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH. Active against NF-κB-driven cytokine programmes via PEPT1-mediated cellular uptake. Studied in IBD, dermal inflammation and wound-healing models.

Antimicrobial Peptide · Wound Healing

LL-37

Cathelicidin · hCAP-18 Fragment

Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide — direct anti-pathogen activity, LPS neutralisation, immunomodulation via FPR2 / P2X7. Anti-biofilm and wound-healing research applications.

IGF-1 Splice Variant · Muscle Repair

PEG-MGF

PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor · IGF-1Ec

PEGylated E-domain peptide from the mechano-responsive splice variant of IGF-1. Studied for satellite-cell activation and skeletal-muscle repair following mechanical loading or damage.

Growth Hormone Axis

Recombinant Polypeptide Hormone

HGH

Somatropin · Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

191-amino-acid recombinant polypeptide identical to pituitary-derived GH. Direct GH-receptor agonism via JAK2/STAT5, driving hepatic IGF-1 synthesis. Multiple approved clinical indications.

GHRH Analogue · Pituitary Stimulant

Sermorelin

GRF (1-29) · GHRH (1-29)

First 29 residues of endogenous GHRH. Stimulates pituitary GH release while preserving the physiologic feedback loops absent with exogenous hGH.

Stabilised GHRH · FDA Approved

Tesamorelin

Egrifta · TH9507

DPP-4-resistant 44-amino-acid GHRH analogue. FDA-approved as Egrifta for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Substantially longer-acting than Sermorelin via N-terminal modification.

GHRH Analogue

CJC-1295

Mod-GRF (1-29) · DAC and No-DAC variants

Modified GHRH analogue with extended half-life, available in DAC (albumin-binding) and No-DAC variants. The most-stacked GHRH compound in published research.

Selective GHRP · Pentapeptide

Ipamorelin

Selective Ghrelin Receptor Agonist

Pentapeptide selective for GHS-R1a, the ghrelin receptor, without the cortisol or prolactin elevation of older GHRPs. The cleanest selective GHRP in published research.

Potent GHRP · Dual Receptor

Hexarelin

Examorelin · GHRP-6 Analogue

Among the most potent GH secretagogues per-mole. Dual receptor binding at GHS-R1a and CD36 enables concurrent GH and cardiovascular research applications.

Long-Acting IGF-1 Analogue

IGF-1 LR3

Long Arg3 IGF-1

IGFBP-resistant IGF-1 analogue with ~3× receptor potency and 20–30 hour half-life. The standard IGF-1R activation probe in cell-culture research.

Weight Management / GLP-1 Class

Triple GIP / GLP-1 / Glucagon

Retatrutide

LY3437943 · Triple Agonist

First-in-class triple incretin agonist by Eli Lilly. Phase 2 TRIUMPH-1 reported ~24% weight loss at 48 weeks — the largest effect in any incretin compound published to date.

Dual GIP / GLP-1 Agonist

Tirzepatide

Mounjaro · Zepbound · LY3298176

Dual incretin agonist by Eli Lilly. ~22.5% weight loss at 15 mg in SURMOUNT-1 (NEJM, 2022). FDA-approved for T2D and chronic weight management.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

Semaglutide

Ozempic · Wegovy · Rybelsus

Long-acting GLP-1 agonist by Novo Nordisk. STEP, SELECT (20% MACE reduction) and FLOW (kidney) outcomes trials. The deepest clinical evidence base in the incretin class.

Long-Acting Amylin Analogue

Cagrilintide

AM833 · Amylin Agonist

Long-acting amylin analogue by Novo Nordisk. The Semaglutide companion in the CagriSema Phase 3 programme — Phase 2 documented additive weight loss above either monotherapy.

Dual GLP-1 / Glucagon Agonist

Mazdutide

IBI362 · LY3305677 · OXM Analogue

Dual GLP-1 / glucagon agonist by Innovent. First in class to reach pivotal approval (China); Phase 3 documented ~14% weight loss at 48 weeks.

Dual GLP-1 / Glucagon · MASH

Survodutide

BI 456906 · Boehringer / Zealand

Dual GLP-1 / glucagon agonist with strong Phase 2 MASH data — ~83% MASH resolution at the top dose. FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for MASH.

GH Fragment · Lipolytic

AOD-9604

hGH(176-191) + N-Tyr

Modified C-terminal hGH fragment isolating the lipolytic activity without the IGF-1-elevating effects of full-length GH. US GRAS status as a food ingredient.

Metabolic & Mitochondrial

Mitochondria-Derived · AMPK

MOTS-C

Mitokine · Exercise Mimetic · MDP

16-amino-acid mitochondrial-encoded peptide discovered in 2015. Activates AMPK, promotes GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake. Declines with age, induced by exercise.

Coenzyme · Sirtuin Substrate

NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Pyridine dinucleotide coenzyme central to redox biology and the sirtuin / PARP pathways. Declines with age across human tissues — the basis for the longevity research field.

NNMT Inhibitor · Small Molecule

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1-Methylquinolinium

Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor preserving the NAD+ precursor pool and methylation balance. Preclinical research documents reduced adipose mass via restored cellular metabolism.

Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide

SS-31

Elamipretide · Bendavia · MTP-131

Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that concentrates at the inner mitochondrial membrane via cardiolipin binding. Phase 3 for Barth syndrome. Reverses age-related muscle fatigue in published mouse research.

Pineal Tetrapeptide · Telomere Research

Epithalon

Epitalon · AEDG · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

Synthetic tetrapeptide modelled on pineal extract epithalamin. Studied for proposed telomerase activation, epigenetic modulation and melatonin / circadian regulation.

Neuropeptides & Sleep

ACTH Derivative · Neuroprotective

Semax

ACTH (4-10) Heptapeptide Analogue

Registered drug in Russia and Ukraine for stroke management. Upregulates BDNF and modulates vascular gene expression in ischaemic brain tissue. Documented fMRI signatures in published human research.

Tuftsin Analogue · Anxiolytic

Selank

Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro

Registered in Russia since 2009 for GAD. Allosterically modulates GABA-A affinity for endogenous GABA in preclinical models — anxiolytic pathway without classical benzodiazepine side-effects.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

DSIP

9-AA Sleep Peptide · Trp-Ala-Gly-...

Originally isolated from cerebral venous blood of sleeping rabbits in 1974. Induces delta-wave EEG activity in research models. HPA-axis and opioid-pathway modulation documented.

Immune & Antimicrobial

Immunomodulatory · TLR Signalling

Thymosin Alpha-1

Tα1 · Zadaxin · 28-AA Thymic Peptide

Acetylated 28-amino-acid thymic peptide registered as Zadaxin in 35+ countries for chronic hepatitis B/C and immune-reconstitution research applications. TLR9 / TLR2 driven dendritic-cell maturation.

Sexual & Reproductive

Selective MC3R / MC4R Agonist

PT-141

Bremelanotide · Vyleesi

Cyclic heptapeptide selective for melanocortin MC3R / MC4R. FDA-approved (Vyleesi) for premenopausal HSDD. Central, dopaminergic-modulating mechanism distinct from peripheral sexual-function agents.

Non-Selective Melanocortin Agonist

Melanotan-II

MT-II · Cyclic α-MSH Analogue

Synthetic cyclic heptapeptide α-MSH analogue developed at the University of Arizona for photoprotection research. Broad MC1R/MC3R/MC4R/MC5R agonism.

KISS1R Agonist · Reproductive Axis

Kisspeptin-10

KP-10 · Metastin (45-54)

10-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of kisspeptin. The molecular gatekeeper of pubertal onset and the GnRH pulse generator — used in fertility and reproductive-axis research.

About this Resource

Source-Grounded

Every mechanism and finding cited in this knowledgebase is drawn from published, peer-reviewed academic literature or openly accessible academic sources. We do not extrapolate beyond what the evidence supports.

Research Context

All peptides documented here are research compounds. None are approved for therapeutic use by the FDA or MHRA. Where human data exists it is specifically noted; the majority of evidence is preclinical (animal or in vitro).

Ongoing Updates

Peptide science moves quickly. We update profiles as new systematic reviews, clinical trials, and mechanistic studies are published. All profiles reflect the state of evidence as of 2025.

PeptideKnowledgebase

Peptide
Knowledgebase